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Naming Compounds

Bonding Spectrum

In high school chemistry, we learn that Covalent bonds involve the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms. We can represent these bonding pair of electrons in a diagram. The electrons are shown to be midway between the two atoms ....

Memorizing the Names of Polyatomic Ions

 Examples of polyatomic ions Generally, polyatomic ions have suffixes that end in "ite" or "ate" if they contain oxygen atoms.   chloridehypochloritechloritechlorateperchlorate Note: Chloride shown above is not a polyatomic ion, it's a monoatomic ion...

Compounds with Polyatomic Ions

What are polyatomic ions? Ions are formed when neutral atoms gain or lose electrons. Similarly, a polyatomic ion is formed when a neutral molecule gains or loses electrons. A polyatomic ion is a charged group of atoms covalently bonded together. Majority of the...

Naming inorganic compounds

AP CHEMISTRY TEACHERS - WE HAVE RESOURCES FOR YOUR ENTIRE CLASS TO USE... Identify if a compound is covalent or ionic You will need to know the periodic table You must be able to identify the non-metals, metals, and transition elements in the periodic table You must...

Learn the rules for ionic compounds

Background: How ionic compounds are formed Ionic compounds are formed from the electrostatic attraction of oppositely charged ions. The ions are arranged in such a way that they form a giant crystal lattice of alternating positive and negative ions. An example of an...

Learn the rules for covalent compounds

Covalent compound A covalent compound involves two non-metals forming a chemical structure together.  Rules What are the rules for naming covalent compounds? • Covalent compounds involve multiple non-metals • Covalent compounds use prefixes - to indicate the number of...

Chemical Kinetics

Catalyst and Activation Energy

Catalyst A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but it does not undergo a chemical reaction itself. The catalyst allows the reaction an alternative pathway to take place. The catalyst does not lower the activation energy of the reaction. Analogy

Reaction Coordinate Diagram

Given the following reaction, sketch a reaction coordinate graph. The reaction involves two steps, step 1 is the slowest step and step 2 is the fastest step. Indicate on the diagram the overall enthalpy change of the reaction, the reaction for the transitions states and intermediate states.

H2(g) + 2ICl(g) –> 2HCl(g) + I2(g)

Integrated Rate Laws

Overview There are two types of rate laws that we need to learn for AP chemistry: (1) Differential rate law (2) Integrated rate law What is the difference between the differential rate law and integrated rate law? The differential rate law is actually a derivative of...

Differential Rate Laws

Methods for determining order of reaction This section looks at how concentration affects reaction rate. You will learn how to determine the order of a reaction. Reactions are often categorized into first, second, third order, etc. and this information is useful for...

Rate of reaction

Measuring rate This section aims to cover the following topics: Define chemical reaction rate Define rate expression Relative rates of reaction and stoichiometry ratio Change in concentration over time The rate of a chemical reaction can be thought of as the speed at...

Mechanisms and Intermediates

Reaction mechanism Chemical reactions often take place in multiple steps and it's not always obvious from looking at the chemical equation. For example, the decomposition of ozone: From the equation, it appears that O₃ decomposes to O₂ in one step. In reality, it's...

Introduction to Chemical Kinetics

Energy Kinetics involves studying what makes chemical reactions happen. Every reaction that happens involves some energy exchange, whether it's slow reaction such as iron rusting, or a faster reaction, such as when a rocket burns fuel during take off.  Size of...

Bond Energy

Bond Energy and Bond Enthalpy

Bond Enthalpy Introduction In order to understand why breaking bonds requires energy (endothermic) and making bonds releases energy (exothermic), one must first understand the nature of a chemical bond and why it occurs in the first place. Remember that bonds are due...

Reaction enthalpies

Enthalpy change For a reaction Bonds Know that Breaking bonds always requires energy (never releases energy) Forming bonds always releases energy (never requires energy) Exothermic and endothermic process Breaking bonds is always an endothermic process (whether...

Thermodynamics

Entropy – Microstate and Macrostate

The term microstate refers to the behavior of atoms and molecules in terms of how energy is redistributed among the particles in a system. A microstate is the arrangement of molecules within a macrostate, that is, within a system with very specific properties. If...

Acids and Bases

Bonding Spectrum

In high school chemistry, we learn that Covalent bonds involve the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms. We can represent these bonding pair of electrons in a diagram. The electrons are shown to be midway between the two atoms ....

VSEPR for AP Chem and Molecular Geometry

Mastering VSEPR Shapes: Key Concepts for AP Chem In the month of October, many teachers often find themselves tackling Unit 2.7 of their course materials in AP Chemistry. This unit, which focuses on 'VSEPR' (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) theory and 'Bond...

Acid Base Titration Manipulative

This user-friendly Google Slides tool is designed for both independent exploration and classroom instruction. Beginning with hands-on simulations, students will gain the skills to identify major species in strong acid/strong base titrations without the need for...

Chemistry Labs for AP Chemistry Course

Explore the AP Chemistry Lab Manual The AP Chemistry Lab Manual, provided by the College Board, serves as an invaluable resource for both educators and students participating in the AP Chemistry program....

AP chemistry pacing guide – how to create one!

The Importance of an effective AP chemistry pacing guide. Recently, I've noticed a shift among AP chemistry teachers – more and more educators are opting to align their course content with the sequence recommended by the College Board for AP Chemistry. For some...

AP chemistry Summer Prep Course

The age-old question for teachers who want to prepare their students for the upcoming school year by providing summer work is: How can I ensure that my students complete this work? The simple answer is – you can’t. However, teachers continue to ask this question...

The Scientific Method

Nature of Science - Part 1 Nature of Science - Part 2 In the realm of education, few subjects hold as much significance as the Scientific Method and Scientific Process. These foundational principles are not just elements of a curriculum; they are the cornerstones of...

What is mol rxn? Units in thermochemistry calculations.

What is the thermochemistry unit “mol-rxn”? The “mol-rxn” unit is especially confusing because in most reactions, the stoichiometry of each reactant and product differs. There is simply no such thing as a reaction mole unless we refer to a mole of reactions, i.e., 6.022E23 reactions occurring in concert, which we are certainly not.

How can you determine the number of neutrons in an atom?

How do we determine the number of neutrons in a given atom? First, let’s define some terms that you’ll need to be familiar with. The atomic number of an atom is the number of protons in the nucleus of that atom. The mass number (also called the nucleon number) of an...

Atomic Structure & Properties

How can you determine the number of neutrons in an atom?

How do we determine the number of neutrons in a given atom? First, let’s define some terms that you’ll need to be familiar with. The atomic number of an atom is the number of protons in the nucleus of that atom. The mass number (also called the nucleon number) of an...